Jurassic Tectonics of North China: A Synthetic View

This paper gives a synthetic view on the Jurassic tectonics of North China, with an attempt to propose a framework for the stepwise tectonic evolution history. Jurassic sedimentation, deformation and magmatism in North China have been divided into three stages. The earliest Jurassic is marked by a period of magmatism quiescence （in 205-190 Ma） and regional uplift, which are considered to be the continuation of the “Indosinian movement” characterized by continent-continent collision between the North and South China blocks. The Early to Middle Jurassic （in 190-170 Ma） was predominated by weak lithospheric extension expressed by mantle-derived plutonism and volcanism along the Yanshan belt and alongside the Tan-Lu fault zone, normal faulting and graben formation along the Yinshan- Yanshan tectonic belt, depression and resuming of coal-bearing sedimentation in vast regions of the North China block （NCB）. The Middle to Late Jurassic stage started at 165y.5 Ma and ended up before 136 Ma; it was dominated by intensive intraplate deformation resulting from multi-directional compressions. Two major deformation events have been identified. One is marked by stratigraphic unconformity beneath the thick Upper Jurassic molasic series in the foreland zones of the western Ordos thrust-fold belt and along the Yinshan-Yanshan belt; it was predated 160 Ma. The other one is indicated by stratigraphic unconformity at the base of the Lower Cretaceous and predated 135 Ma. During this last stage, two latitudinal tectonic belts, the Yinshan-Yanshan belt in the north and the Qinling-Dabie belt in the south, and the western margin of the Ordos basin were all activated by thrusting; the NCB itself was deformed by the NE to NNE-trending structural system involving thrusting, associated folding and sinistral strike-slip faulting, which were spatially partitioned. Foliated S-type granitic plutons aged 160-150 Ma were massively emplaced in the Jiao-Liao massif east of the Tan-Lu fault zone and indicate important crustal thicken     

造山作用概念和分类

本文从造山作用的特征标志出发讨论了Sengor造山带定义的缺陷， 总结了造山作用的六条特征标志，并给出了造山作用新的定义。该定义包括了造山作用的起因、特征标志和大地构造背景。评述了造山带陆内、陆缘、陆间三分法方案的不足之处和剪压造山带的单独设类问题，提出了造山带板内、俯冲、碰撞三分方案。针对碰撞造山带，笔者在总结探讨现有分类方案的优点的基础上， 提出碰撞造山带陆陆碰撞、碰撞增生、弧陆碰撞和无大陆型碰撞造山带四分法方案，其中无大陆型碰撞造山带是描述陆壳物质形成初期计体拼合聚合过程的新类型。     

辽西地区燕山板内造山带东段中生代逆冲推覆构造

本文厘定并阐述了辽西地区燕山中生代板内造山带东段发育的推覆构造的宏观构造格局、运动学特征、形成时代和形成过程；探讨了形成该构造体系的区域构造背景及其大地构造意义。该区的逆冲构造系统由6条主干逆冲断层组成。分布于西北和东南缘的两条最外缘逆冲断层走向为ENE，居于其间的逆冲断层呈NNE-NE，而且，向东北和南西方向这些断层具有汇合的趋势。在东北端收敛于凌源-东官营子断裂（“内蒙地轴”南缘断裂）上，而在西南端则汇拢于大屯-锦州断裂及其西延的密云-喜峰口断裂。总体上构成一个类似于双重构造（duplex)的巨型逆冲系统。该区逆冲作用始于中侏罗世之前，于株罗纪末达到高峰并基本形成了本区的推覆构造格局。本区逆冲断层系统，总体逆冲方向指向南东，与燕山板内造山带中段、西段以向北、北西逆冲为主的逆冲推覆构造明显不同。结合燕山中段发现的近东西向右行走滑断裂系统及其与本区逆冲推覆构造体系的时-空关系分析，指出本区逆冲推覆构造的形成，是没燕山东西向构造带右行走滑作用因构造方向的改变发生构造转换的结果。     

中朝板块元古宙板内地震带与盆地格局

地史中发生的强地震事件在地层中留下固定的记录 (图 1～ 3) ,这些记录在区域上呈带状分布 ,代表地史中的地震带。中朝板块元古宙目前可识别出两个板内地震带 (图 5 )。中元古代板内地震带 (170 0～ 12 0 0Ma)西起太行山北段 ,经燕山山脉、辽宁西部、穿越辽河平原至辽宁北部的泛河流域分布 ,即燕山—泛河地震带 ,现今呈NEE向延伸。新元古代震旦纪地震带沿吉林南部、辽东半岛、山东中部及苏皖北部现今呈NNE走向分布 ,即古郯庐地震带 (6 5 0～ 6 0 0Ma)。上述两个板内地震带是元古宙不同时期超大陆裂解的响应。中元古代与新元古代两个不同方向的地震断裂带分别控制着两个时期的盆地边界。燕山泛河地震断裂带构成中元古代海盆南界 (指现在的位置 ) ,形成向北开放的海域。古郯庐地震断裂带将中朝板块裂解为华北块体与胶辽朝块体。古郯庐地震断裂带构成震旦纪海域的边界 ,震旦纪海盆通过朝鲜半岛与当时的外海相连接 ,华北块体则为陆源剥蚀区。文内四幅古地理图 (图 6～ 9)是以地震灾变思想为指导 ,以新的地层研究、对比为基础编制的 ,侧重反映了盆地的格局及其变化。根据地震、同沉积断裂新的思路 ,可提供地质学家重新认识与解释某些沉积矿床的成因 ,它们的成矿元素均来自地球深部而非地表风化作用。文中编制     

河北矾山燕山期侵入岩地球化学特征及成因

河北矾山地区燕山期侵入岩可分为早、晚两期。早期（中侏罗世-晚侏罗世）侵入岩主要由二长闪长岩、石英二长闪长岩、石英二长岩、正长岩构成，以高钾钙碱性岩系列岩石为主；SiO2=53.58%-60.57%,Al2O3=16.16%-17.23%,Na2O K2O=5.76%-8.96%,K2O=2.25%-4.55%,Na2O/K2O=1.14-1.56;ACNK=0.72-0.86,NKA=0.47-0.77;Eu^*/Eu=0.80-0.95,轻稀土富集，重稀土和Nb、Ta、Hf、Ti亏损，相对低Zr、Rb和Rb/Sr，但高Sr和Sr/Y，具有埃达史质岩石质岩石的部分特征。晚期（白垩纪）侵入岩由碱长石英正长岩、石英正长岩、石英二长岩、碱工花岗岩、钾长花岗岩构成，以钾玄岩系列岩石为主；比早期岩石富SiO2，低Al2O3、富Na2O K2O和K2O，但低Na2O/K2O;ACNK=0.82-1.07,NKA=0.77-0.92;Eu^*/Eu=0.65-1.00，轻稀土富集，重稀土和Nb、Ta、Hf、Ti亏损，相对高Zr、Rb和Rb/Sr，但低Sr和Sr/Y。矾山地区早期侵入岩的形成可能与伊泽奈崎（Izanaqi)板块向欧亚大陆板块的俯冲所导致的挤压增厚有关；晚期侵入岩可能形成于拉张环境中。     

3D shear-wave velocity structure of the Eifel plume, Germany

The Quaternary Eifel volcanic fields, situated on the Rhenish Massif in Germany, are the focus of a major interdisciplinary project. The aim is a detailed study of the crustal and mantle structure of the intraplate volcanic fields and their deep origin. Recent results from a teleseismic P-wave tomography study reveal a deep low-velocity structure which we infer to be a plume in the upper mantle underneath the volcanic area [J.R.R. Ritter et al., Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 186 (2001) 7-14]. Here we present a travel-time investigation of 5038 teleseismic shear-wave arrivals in the same region. First, the transverse (T) and radial (R) component travel-time residuals are treated separately to identify possible effects of seismic anisotropy. A comparison of 2044 T- and 2994 R-component residuals demonstrates that anisotropy does not cause any first-order travel-time effects. The data sets reveal a deep-seated low-velocity anomaly beneath the volcanic region, causing a delay for teleseismic shear waves of about 3 s. Using 3773 combined R- and T-component residuals, an isotropic non-linear inversion is calculated. The tomographic images reveal a prominent S-wave velocity reduction in the upper mantle underneath the Eifel region. The anomaly extends down to at least 400 km depth. The velocity contrast to the surrounding mantle is depth-dependent (from −5% at 31-100 km depth to at least −1% at 400 km depth). At about 170-240 km depth the anomaly is nearly absent. The resolution of the data is sufficient to recover the described features, however the anomaly in the lower asthenosphere is underestimated due to smearing and damping. The main anomaly is similar to the P-wave model except the latter lacks the ‘hole’ near 200 km depth, and both are consistent with an upper mantle plume structure. For plausible anhydrous plume material in the uppermost 100 km of the mantle, an excess temperature as great as 200-300 K is estimated from the seismic anomaly. However, 1% partial melt reduces the required temperature anomaly to about 100 K. The temperature anomaly associated with the deeper part of the plume (250 to about 450 km depth) is at least 70 K. However, this estimate is quite uncertain, because the amplitude of the shear-wave anomaly may be larger than the modelled one. Another possibility is water in the upwelling material. The gap at 170-240 km depth could arise from an increase of the shear modulus caused by dehydration processes which would not affect P-wave velocities as much. An interaction of temperature and compositional variations, including melt and possibly water, makes it difficult to differentiate quantitatively between the causes of the deep-seated low-velocity anomaly.     

藏北新生代两套钾玄质火山岩系列地球化学特征

岩石学和元素地球化学特征研究表明，藏北新生代自南向北沿可可西里岩带和喀喇昆仑—玉门岩带出露有两套钾玄质系列火山岩。它们富集大离子亲石元素(LILE)和轻稀土(LREE)及明显亏损Nb—Ta—Ti，同时具有板内和岛弧(陆弧)的双重特征。源区来源于可能与俯冲带流体有关的相似交代富集地幔，成岩过程主要经历了低度(＜10％)辉石分离结晶作用，同时，源区伴有地壳物质的混染作用。     

埃达克岩及其成矿作用和相关问题的讨论

本文初步探讨了埃达克岩与相关大型矿床的关系，指出与埃达克岩浆有关的分异同化作用在一定条件下可以形成大型矿床；同时也强调了成矿后矿床保存的重要性。由于造山带的剥蚀速率快，导致和埃达克岩浆演化密切相关的形成于地壳浅部的大型斑岩矿床的保存有时限。因此在中国东部及“三北”地区中生代以前的造山带中，埃达克岩能否作为寻找相关大型矿床的标志值得商榷；但在新生代的西藏地区则是有可能的。近十年的研究认为中国东部侏罗纪—白垩纪的类似岩石并不属于埃达克岩系列，而是橄榄安粗岩及高钾钙碱性岩石系列。它们主要来源于富集地幔的部分熔融(不排除有下地壳物质混染的可能)及其后的结晶分异；一些中生代的斑岩型铜—金矿床和浅成低温热液矿床与此有关。     

中国大陆西部及邻区板内8级大地震活动过程和趋势预测初步研究

中国大陆西部及邻区是全球 8级大地震最为活跃的地区之一。自 180 0年以来该区板内 8级大地震共发生了 16次 ,2 0 0 1年昆仑山口西 8.1级大地震 (36 .1°N ,90 .9°E)是在 195 7年蒙古 8.3级大地震之后 4 4a发生的。研究表明该区 8级大地震的活动过程可能存在相对平静 (1812— 190 2年 )和相对活跃 (190 3— 195 7年 )交替的幕式或轮回过程的性质。 195 7年蒙古地震之后可能是一次新的轮回开始 ,2 0 0 1年昆仑山口西地震是新轮回的第二次地震 ,按照轮回过程中事件发生频度是时间的指数函数关系的假定 ,该区下一次 8级大地震可能约在 2 0 2 6年发生。如果假定该过程相当接近泊松过程。那么 ,在 2 0 0 5 ,2 0 10年和 2 0 15年前至少发生一次 8级大地震的泊松概率 ,分别是 0 .2 9,0 .5 3和 0 .70。